TY - JOUR PY - 2007 TI - Climate panel ties renewables' future to carbon markets SP - 40 JF - Energy economist / IS - 308 SN - 0262-7108 N1 - Climate panel ties renewables' future to carbon markets N1 - 10907649 ID - 36 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Bayon, Ricardo AU - Forest, Trends PY - 2004 BT - Making environmental markets work lessons from early experience with sulfur, carbon, wetlands, and other related markets CY - [Washington, D.C.] PB - Forest Trends N1 - Making environmental markets work lessons from early experience with sulfur, carbon, wetlands, and other related markets N1 - 62841938 N1 - (Organization) ID - 5 ER - TY - JOUR AU - B©oehringer, C. AU - Hoffmann, T. AU - Manrique-de-Lara-Pe©late, C. PY - 2006 TI - The efficiency costs of separating carbon markets under the EU emissions trading scheme: A quantitative assessment for Germany SP - 44-61 JF - Energy economics. VL - 28 IS - 1 SN - 0140-9883 N1 - The efficiency costs of separating carbon markets under the EU emissions trading scheme: A quantitative assessment for Germany N1 - 4802525 ID - 31 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Carlén, Björn AU - Change, M. I. T. Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global PY - 2002 BT - Exclusionary manipulation of carbon permit markets a laboratory test CY - Cambridge, MA PB - MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change N1 - Exclusionary manipulation of carbon permit markets a laboratory test N1 - 52187777 N2 - The experiment reported here tests the case of so-called exclusionary manipulation of emission permit markets, i.e., when a dominant firm 7 here a monopolist 7 increases its holding of permits in order to raise its rivals' costs and thereby gain more on a product market. Earlier studies have claimed that this type of market manipulation is likely to substantially reduce the social gains of permit trading and even result in negative gains. The experiment designed here parallels institutional and informational conditions likely to hold in real trade with carbon permits among electricity producers. Although the dominant firm withheld supply from the electricity market, the outcome seems to reject the theory of exclusionary manipulation. In later trading periods, closing prices on both markets, permit holdings and total electricity production are near competitive levels. Social gains of emissions trading are higher than in earlier studies. ID - 28 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chakravarthy, C. AU - Rhoads, J. PY - 2007 TI - Trading on Carbon: How Markets Will Save the World SP - 38-45 JF - Public utilities fortnightly VL - 145 IS - 1 SN - 0033-3808 N1 - Trading on Carbon: How Markets Will Save the World N1 - 25734912 ID - 11 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Chichilnisky, Graciela AU - Heal, G. M. PY - 2000 BT - Environmental markets equity and efficiency CY - New York PB - Columbia University Press T3 - Economics for a sustainable earth series N1 - Environmental markets equity and efficiency SN - 0231115881 9780231115889 023111589X 9780231115896 N1 - 42027405 ID - 29 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Donan, Samuel PY - 2007 TI - Renewable Finance Focus - Emerging Markets Renewables: Tariffs or trading? Many emerging markets renewables developers struggle to access economic electricity tariffs and workable debt financing. Carbon finance, once hailed as the lynchpin, is still an afterthought SP - 52 JF - Project finance. SN - 1462-0014 N1 - Renewable Finance Focus - Emerging Markets Renewables: Tariffs or trading? Many emerging markets renewables developers struggle to access economic electricity tariffs and workable debt financing. Carbon finance, once hailed as the lynchpin, is still an afterthought N1 - 38092841 ID - 20 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Feng, Hongli AU - Zhao, Jinhua AU - Kling, Catherine L. PY - 2000 BT - Towards implementing carbon markets in agriculture CY - Ames, Iowa PB - Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University N1 - Towards implementing carbon markets in agriculture N1 - 50016269 ID - 16 ER - TY - THES AU - Hart, Craig A. AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Political, Science PY - 2007 TI - The private sector's capacity to manage climate risks and finance carbon neutral energy infrastructure N1 - The private sector's capacity to manage climate risks and finance carbon neutral energy infrastructure N1 - 156915314 N2 - This dissertation examines the financial aspects of climate change relating to the private sector's capacity to manage climate risks and finance carbon neutral energy infrastructure. The dissertation examines (a) potential risks posed by climate change to private sector investment in critical infrastructure, (b) the potential effectiveness of standard private contractual methods for mitigating risks posed by climate change, (c) the capacity of private capital markets to finance carbon neutral energy infrastructure, and (d) the potential for market failure in developing carbon neutral energy infrastructure. The dissertation first identifies climate risks to infrastructure by examining scientific evidence concerning climate change from studies and atmospheric models. Based on this data, it modifies a framework widely used by practitioners in the finance field for purposes of evaluating financial risks in infrastructure projects. Using the modified risk assessment framework, the dissertation identifies financial risks posed by climate change to financing and developing infrastructure. The dissertation then assesses whether these climate risks can be mitigated and managed by employing private contractual methods typically used in infrastructure finance, such as insurance, derivatives, and carbon offsets. (cont.) Each contract is evaluated based on the following six criteria: (a) scope of risk covered, (b) geographic coverage, (c) contract duration, (d) availability, (e) price, and (f) market capacity. Based on these criteria, the potential for these private contractual methods to address long-term climate change risks is assessed. The evaluation of climate risk and methods to address these risks are similar to the identification, allocation, and mitigation of risks that is commonly preformed by banks and project sponsors in order to evaluate the risks of an infrastructure investment. The conclusion of the dissertation's analysis is that climate risks will pose fundamental problems for infrastructure finance, including that no party may be best positioned to accept and mitigate climate risks, and that private contractual methods typically used by the private sector will be inadequate to address climate risks in a comprehensive and cost-effective manner. If this is true, climate risks should reduce the private sector's willingness or ability to invest in or develop infrastructure. The risk assessment analysis will be supplemented by three case studies focusing on different financial aspects of climate change in sectors of the economy that are critical to developing carbon neutral energy infrastructure: (cont.) (i) the capacity of capital markets to supply adequate investment capital to develop a portfolio of carbon neutral electricity infrastructure providing 10-15 TW of power within a 50-year period, (ii) the financial effects of increasingly intense storms on the electric utility industry in the Eastern United States from 1990 to 2005, and (iii) the financial effects of the increasing frequency and intensity of natural catastrophic events on the insurance industry from the 1970's to 2005, especially in connection with underwriting risks for energy infrastructure. The research is supported by a survey of the insurance, derivatives, banking, and energy industries with respect to their use of private contractual risk management methods and an examination of the models used to price these contractual instruments. This dissertation is intended to contribute to economic and policy literature concerning climate change by providing an analysis of how the financial aspects of climate change might influence the capacity and willingness of the private sector to invest in carbon neutral energy infrastructure. ID - 21 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Haynes, Richard W. AU - Alig, Ralph J. AU - Moore, Eric AU - Pacific Northwest Research, Station AU - United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change, Division PY - 1994 BT - Alternative simulations of forestry scenarios involving carbon sequestration options investigation of impacts on regional and national timber markets CY - Portland, Or. (333 S.W. First Ave., P.O. Box 3890, Portland 97208-3890); [Washington, D.C.?] PB - U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station ; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, Climate Change Division N1 - Alternative simulations of forestry scenarios involving carbon sequestration options investigation of impacts on regional and national timber markets N1 - 31692664 N1 - (Portland, Or.) ID - 42 ER - TY - JOUR AU - House, C. PY - 2005 TI - Climate Change 2005: Emerging Carbon Markets SP - 1110-1112 JF - Energy & environment. VL - 16 IS - 6 SN - 0958-305X N1 - Climate Change 2005: Emerging Carbon Markets N1 - 21187549 ID - 40 ER - TY - THES AU - Knutson, Gary Lee PY - 1967 TI - A study of the structure and market conduct of North Dakota livestock auction markets N1 - A study of the structure and market conduct of North Dakota livestock auction markets N1 - 10178060 ID - 18 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Labatt, Sonia AU - White, Rodney R. PY - 2007 BT - Carbon finance the financial implications of climate change CY - Hoboken, N.J. PB - John Wiley & Sons N1 - Carbon finance the financial implications of climate change SN - 9780471794677 0471794678 N1 - 72655594 ID - 41 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Mehta, Leeya PY - 2006 BT - Designing a market the sulfur dioxide emissions market and policy, 2000-2003 N1 - Designing a market the sulfur dioxide emissions market and policy, 2000-2003 N1 - 70685412 N2 - The market for Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) emissions was created in 1995 using bold regulatory tools and operates in a complex system of energy and electric utility markets. The success of this program to reduce pollutants like SO2 led to plans to adopt similar programs for international regulation of greenhouse gases like Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Studying the best practice design of the market for SO2 can help in planning such new markets. This paper show that once the SO2 market was designed and became functional, the regulatory process that put it into motion did not always go uncontested. The contesting of the regulatory regime by policy makers, and even the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), led to periods where the future design of the market was unclear. The aim of this paper is to measure this lack of clarity and its effect on SO2 allowance prices. While this paper attempts to measure this policy effect in the SO2 market, it also recommends that policy makers be aware of this effect so that they plan their policies systematically and with longer term agendas. Testing the effect of policy change on the level and volatility of Sulfur Dioxide allowance prices can better our understanding of the sensitivity of this market to changes in regulation, policy and legislative announcements. The period under study is September 2000 to January 2003. During this period the paper attempts to ask the question: Did policy, regulation and legislation affect price change and price volatility in the market for Sulfur Dioxide? The coding of these policy variables involved a systematic process of reading hundreds of policy announcements and news pages, thus constructing an uncertainty variable which reflected different degrees of uncertainty these announcements generated. The paper attempts to test the hypothesis that regulatory uncertainty increases volatility. The models estimated - both time-trended OLS and Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) models found that though most of the change in SO2 prices is due to market forces, like the price of coal and natural gas, uncertainty in the regulatory regime and the politics of pollution are also significant. ID - 34 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Milunovich, George AU - Joyeux, Roselyne AU - Macquarie University. Dept. of, Economics PY - 2007 BT - Testing market efficiency and price discovery in European carbon markets CY - Sydney PB - Dept. of Economics, Macquarie University N1 - Testing market efficiency and price discovery in European carbon markets N1 - 174071438 ID - 17 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Pagiola, Stefano AU - Bishop, Joshua AU - Landell-Mills, Natasha PY - 2002 BT - Selling forest environmental services market-based mechanisms for conservation and development CY - London; Sterling, VA PB - Earthscan Publications N1 - Selling forest environmental services market-based mechanisms for conservation and development SN - 1853838896 9781853838897 1853838888 9781853838880 N1 - 50004762 ID - 19 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Pershing, Jonathan AU - World Resources Institute. Climate, Energy and Pollution Program AU - Ottawa Ministerial, Roundtable PY - 2005 BT - Elements of a future system markets, technology and engagement CY - [Washington, D.C.] PB - Climate, Energy and Pollution Program, World Resources Institute N1 - Elements of a future system markets, technology and engagement N1 - 66026558 ID - 30 ER - TY - THES AU - Richardson, Jerri Jo PY - 2005 TI - Current trends and structure of the carbon market and the potential economic benefits to Idaho dairy producers from participation in emission reduction markets N1 - Current trends and structure of the carbon market and the potential economic benefits to Idaho dairy producers from participation in emission reduction markets N1 - 71332246 ID - 35 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sandor, R. AU - Walsh, M. AU - Marques, R. PY - 2002 TI - Greenhouse-gas-trading markets SP - 1889-900 JF - Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences VL - 360 IS - 1797 SN - 1364-503X N1 - Greenhouse-gas-trading markets N1 - 111070674 N2 - This paper summarizes the extension of new market mechanisms for environmental services, explains of the importance of generating price information indicative of the cost of mitigating greenhouse gases (GHGs) and presents the rationale and objectives for pilot GHG-trading markets. It also describes the steps being taken to define and launch pilot carbon markets in North America and Europe and reviews the key issues related to incorporating carbon sequestration into an emissions-trading market. There is an emerging consensus to employ market mechanisms to help address the threat of human-induced climate changes. Carbon-trading markets are now in development around the world. A UK market is set to launch in 2002, and the European Commission has called for a 2005 launch of an European Union (EU)-wide market, and a voluntary carbon market is now in formation in North America. These markets represent an initial step in resolving a fundamental problem in defining and implementing appropriate policy actions to address climate change. Policymakers currently suffer from two major information gaps: the economic value of potential damages arising from climate changes are highly uncertain, and there is a lack of reliable information on the cost of mitigating GHGs. These twin gaps significantly reduce the quality of the climate policy debate. The Chicago Climate Exchange, for which the authors serve as lead designers, is intended to provide an organized carbon-trading market involving energy, industry and carbon sequestration in forests and farms. Trading among these diverse sectors will provide price discovery that will help clarify the cost of combating climate change when a wide range of mitigation options is employed. By closing the information gap on mitigation costs, society and policymakers will be far better prepared to identify and implement optimal policies for managing the risks associated with climate change. Establishment of practical experience in providing tradeable credits for carbon-absorbing land-use practices, especially reforestation and conservation management of agricultural soils, will also help demonstrate the viability of a new tool for financing activities that improve water quality, support biodiversity and constitute important elements of long-term sustainability in land-use management. ID - 26 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Scherr, Sara J. AU - White, Andy AU - Khare, Arvind AU - International Tropical Timber, Organization PY - 2004 BT - For services rendered the current status and future potential of markets for the ecosystem services provided by tropical forests CY - Yokohama, Japan PB - International Tropical Timber Organization N1 - For services rendered the current status and future potential of markets for the ecosystem services provided by tropical forests SN - 4902045109 9784902045109 N1 - 56959594 ID - 27 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Smith, James E. AU - Heath, Linda S. AU - Woodbury, Peter B. PY - 2004 TI - How to Estimate Forest Carbon for Large Areas from Inventory Data - Forests remove large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere -- But how much? Forest managers looking ahead to markets for carbon emissions offsets may want to start estimating their "pools" and begin developing the necessary data to fine-tune their calculations SP - 25 JF - Journal of forestry. VL - 102 IS - 5 SN - 0022-1201 N1 - How to Estimate Forest Carbon for Large Areas from Inventory Data - Forests remove large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere -- But how much? Forest managers looking ahead to markets for carbon emissions offsets may want to start estimating their "pools" and begin developing the necessary data to fine-tune their calculations N1 - 1782263 ID - 24 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Smith, Joyotee PY - 1999 BT - Harnessing carbon markets for tropical forest conservation towards a more realistic assessment CY - Jakarta PB - CIFOR N1 - Harnessing carbon markets for tropical forest conservation towards a more realistic assessment N1 - 48254361 ID - 25 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Stainback, G. A. AU - Alavalapati, J. R. R. PY - 2005 TI - Effects of Carbon Markets on the Optimal Management of Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii) Plantations SP - 27 JF - Southern journal of applied forestry. VL - 29 IS - 1 SN - 0148-4419 N1 - Effects of Carbon Markets on the Optimal Management of Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii) Plantations N1 - 3338121 ID - 32 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Stern, N. H. AU - Great Britain, Treasury PY - 2007 BT - The economics of climate change the Stern review CY - Cambridge, UK; New York PB - Cambridge University Press N1 - The economics of climate change the Stern review SN - 9780521700801 0521700809 N1 - 78555140 ID - 33 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Yamin, Farhana PY - 2004 BT - Climate change and carbon markets a handbook of emissions reduction mechanisms CY - London PB - Earthscan N1 - Climate change and carbon markets a handbook of emissions reduction mechanisms SN - 1844071634 9781844071630 N1 - 56873926 ID - 39 ER -